![]() ![]() The elastic moduli, in situ permeability, and crack porosity inferred from in situ X-ray computed tomography all attest to strong pressure-induced crack closure for differential (confining-minus-pore) pressures <30 MPa, consistent with zero-pressure crack aspect ratios <4 × 10⁻⁴. The wave speeds or effective elastic moduli and associated dissipation were measured on samples under dry, argon- or nitrogen-saturated, and water-saturated conditions in sequence. Complementary forced oscillation, resonant bar, and ultrasonic techniques provided access to millihertz-hertz frequencies, ~1 kHz frequency, and ~1 MHz frequency, respectively. For better understanding of frequency dependence (dispersion) of seismic wave velocities caused by stress-induced fluid flow, broadband laboratory measurements were performed on a suite of synthetic glass media containing both equant pores and thermal cracks. ![]()
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